Sains Malaysiana 53(6)(2024): 1281-1293

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5306-05

 

Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Durio zibethinus L. Clone 175 (Durian Udang Merah) Shell and UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS Profiling of the Extract

(Aktiviti Perencatan Antioksidan dan Alfa-Glukosidase Kulit Klon 175 Durio zibethinus L. (Durian Udang Merah) dan Pemprofilan Ekstrak UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS)

 

WAN MUHD HATIM WAN ZAIN1, AHMED MEDIANI2, NUR KHALEEDA ZULAIKHA ZOLKEFLEE3, PEI LOU WONG1 & FARIDAH ABAS1,*

 

1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

2Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

3Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 4 Mac 2024/Diterima: 14 Mei 2024

 

Abstract

Durio zibethinus or ‘durian’ is a well-known seasonal fruit of Southeast Asia and has been called the ‘King of Fruit’. The popularity of durian has led to large production of this crop in Malaysia, consequently creating a huge agricultural waste including the shell. Despite illness remedies from various parts of durian, the information on phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of durian shells remained scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of D. zibethinus shell extracted with different ethanol percentage (0%, 50%, and 100%). Results showed that the 100% ethanolic extract exhibited the highest 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 96.91 ± 1.09 µg/mL. Furthermore, the 50% ethanol extract exhibited the highest TPC with 130.57 ± 1.92 mg GAE/g crude extract, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 435.30 ± 3.41 µg/mL. Both 50% and 100% ethanolic extracts of D. zibethinusshell exhibited great potential in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.99 ± 0.90 and 4.53 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, the bioactive compounds in 100% ethanolic extract of D. zibethinus were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 20 compounds were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, alkaloids, benzofurans, terpenoids, pentose phosphate, organosulfur compounds, organooxygen compounds, polyketides, carotene, carboxylic acid, coumarin, and stigmasterol. In conclusion, durian shell exhibits potential for future applications driven by its inherent pharmacological benefits, consequently contributing to waste reduction.

 

Keywords: Antioxidant; Durio zibethinus shell; UHPLC-MS/MS; α-glucosidase inhibitory activity

 

Abstrak

Durio zibethinus atau durian adalah buah bermusim yang terkenal di Asia Tenggara dan turut dikenali sebagai Raja Buah. Populariti durian telah menyebabkan pengeluaran besar-besaran tanaman ini di Malaysia, seterusnya menghasilkan sisa pertanian yang banyak termasuk kulit. Walaupun pelbagai bahagian durian telah digunakan untuk rawatan penyakit, maklumat kandungan fitokimia dan bioaktiviti ekstrak kulit durian masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai jumlah kandungan fenol (TPC), aktiviti antioksidan dan perencatan α-glukosidase ekstrak kulit D. zibethinus yang diekstrak dengan nisbah etanol yang berbeza (0%, 50% dan 100%). Hasil menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak 100% etanol menunjukkan aktiviti pemerangkap radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) tertinggi dengan nilai IC50 sebanyak 96.91 ± 1.09 µg/mL. Tambahan pula, ekstrak 50% etanol menunjukkan TPC tertinggi dengan 130.57 ± 1.92 mg ekstrak kasar GAE/g, dan aktiviti pemerangkapan nitrik oksida (NO) dengan nilai IC50 435.30 ± 3.41 µg/mL. Kedua-dua ekstrak 50% dan 100% etanol daripada kulit D. zibethinus menunjukkan potensi besar dalam aktiviti perencatan α-glukosidase dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing 1.99 ± 0.90 dan 4.53 ± 0.21 µg/mL. Oleh itu, sebatian bioaktif dalam ekstrak 100% etanol D. zibethinus telah diprofilkan menggunakan kromatografi cecair berprestasi tinggi ultra spektrometri jisim (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sebanyak 20 sebatian telah dikenal pasti secara tentatif termasuk flavonoid, alkaloid, benzofuran, terpenoid, pentosa fosfat, sebatian organosulfur, organooksigen, poliketida, karotena, asid karboksilik, kumarin dan stigmasterol. Kesimpulannya, kulit durian mempunyai potensi untuk aplikasi masa hadapan yang didorong oleh faedah farmakologi yang wujud, seterusnya menyumbang kepada pengurangan sisa.

 

Kata kunci: Antioksidan; kulit Durio zibethinus; perencatan aktiviti α-glukosidase; UHPLC-MS/MS

 

RUJUKAN

A. Aziz, N.A. & Abbe Maleyki, M.J. 2019. Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.): A review. Foods 8(3): 96.

Azliana Abu-Bakar-Sajak, Ahmed Mediani, Maulidiani, Nur Sumirah Mohd-Dom, Chandradevan Machap, Muhajir Hamid, Amin Ismail, Alfi Khati & Faridah Abas. 2017. Effect of Ipomoea aquatica ethanolic extract in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats via 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. Phytomedicine 36: 201-209.

Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D.G. & Lightfoot, D.A. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants 6(4): 42.

Aruan, D.G.R., Barus, T., Haro, G., Siburian, R. & Simanjuntak, P. 2019. Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic activity of N-hexane, ethyl acetate and water extract from durian leaves (Durio zibethinus L.). Oriental Journal of Chemistry 35(1): 487-490.

Azmir, J., Zaidul, I.S.M., Rahman, M.M., Sharif, K.M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., Jahurul, M.H.A., Ghafoor, K., Norulaini, N.A.N. & Omar, A.K.M. 2013. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of Food Engineering 117(4): 426-436.

Brown, M.J. 1997. Durio - A bibliographic review. In International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 1st ed., edited by Arora, R.K., Ramanatha Rao, V. & Rao, A.N. New Delhi: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.

Chandramohan, G., Al-Numair, K.S., Alsaif, M.A. & Veeramani, C. 2015. Antidiabetic effect of kaempferol a flavonoid compound, on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with special reference to glycoprotein components. Progress in Nutrition 17(1): 50-57.

DiFrancesco, R., Griggs, J.J., Donnelly, J. & DiCenzo, R. 2007. Simultaneous analysis of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and doxorubicinol by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 852(1-2): 545-553.

Feng, J., Wang, Y., Yi, X., Yang, W. & He, X. 2016. Phenolics from durian exert pronounced NO inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64(21): 4273-4279.

Illing, I., Hammado, N. & Yusiranna. 2017. Identification of secondary metabolism compounds from the septum of durian (Durio zibethinus). In Proceeding International Conference on Natural and Social Science (ICONS). B640-45.

Ketsa, S. 2018. Durian - Durio zibethinus. In Exotic Fruits Reference Guide, 1st ed., edited by Rodrigues, S., de Oliveira Silva, E. & de Brito, E.S. London: Academic Press. pp. 169-180.

Kunarto, B. & Sani, E.Y. 2018. Antioxidant activity of extract from ultrasonic-assisted extraction of durian peels. Journal of Applied Food Technology 5(2): 25-29. https://doi.org/10.17728/jaft.3309

Laoufi, H., Benariba, N., Adjdir, S. & Djaziri, R. 2017. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Ononis angustissima extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 7(2): 191-198.

Lee, S.Y., Mediani, A., Nur Ashikin, A.H., Azliana, A.B.S. & Abas, F. 2014. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the leaf and stem of selected traditional medicinal plants. International Food Research Journal 21(1): 165-172.

Li, X. & Wang, L. 2011. Antioxidant activity of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) shell in vitro. Article in Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1(4): 542-521.

Manisha, P., Chandrashekhar, P. & Raghunath, M. 2018. Phytochemical investigation and validation of antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol from tubers of Eulophia herbacea and Eulophia ochreata. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 10(9): 309-316.

Mariod, A.A., Saeed Mirghani, M.E. & Hussein, I. 2017. Durio zibethinus (Durian). In Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources, 1st ed. London: Elsevier Science. pp. 187-197.

Marquez-Martin, A., De La Puerta, R., Fernandez-Arche, A., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V. & Yaqoob, P. 2006. Modulation of cytokine secretion by pentacyclic triterpenes from olive pomace oil in human mononuclear cells. Cytokine 36(5-6): 211-217.

Muhtadi, M., Haryoto, H., Sujono, T.A. & Suhendi, A. 2016. Antidiabetic and antihypercholesterolemia activities of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruit peel extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 6(4): 190-194.

Ngo, T.V., Scarlett, C.J., Bowyer, M.C., Ngo, P.D. & Vuong, Q.V. 2017. Impact of different extraction solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from the root of Salacia chinensis L. Journal of Food Quality 2017: 9305047.

Nur Ashikin Abdul-Hamid, Maulidiani Maulidiani, Ahmed Mediani, Ummul Izzatul Izzah Yahya, Intan Safinar Ismail, Chau Ling Tham, Khalid Shadid & Faridah Abas. 2018. Physicochemical characteristics, nutritional composition, and phytochemical profiles of nine Algerian date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. Journal of Food Biochemistry https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12663

Nur, N.M. & Al-Jasabi, S.A.M. 2017. Antioxidant properties of maslinic acid extracted from Plumeria rubra leaves. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 8(7): 20178-20183.

Nurul Arneida Husin, Sadequr Rahman, Rohini Karunakaran & Subhash Janardhan Bhore. 2018. A review on the nutritional, medicinal, molecular and genome attributes of durian (Durio zibethinus L.), the king of fruits in Malaysia. Bioinformation 14(06): 265-270.

Pinsorn, P., Oikawa, A., Watanabe, M., Sasaki, R., Ngamchuachit, P., Hoefgen, R., Saito, K. & Sirikantaramas, S. 2018. Metabolic variation in the pulps of two durian cultivars: Unraveling the metabolites that contribute to the flavor. Food Chemistry 268: 118-125.

Rudiyansyah, Lambert, L.K. & Garson, M.J. 2010. Lignans and triterpenes from the bark of Durio carinatus and Durio oxleyanus. Journal of Natural Products 73(10): 1649-1654.

Sagar, N.A., Pareek, S., Sharma, S., Yahia, E.M. & Lobo, M.G. 2018. Fruit and vegetable waste: Bioactive compounds, their extraction, and possible utilization. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 17(3): 512-531.

Masuri Kama Kamaruddin Shah, Hasnah Mohd Sirat, Shajarahtunnur Jamil, and Juriyati Jalil. 2016. Flavonoids from the bark of Artocarpus integer var. silvestris and their anti-inflammatory properties. Natural Product Communications 11(9): 1275-1278.

Suganya Murugesu, Zalikha Ibrahim, Qamar Uddin Ahmed, Bisha Fathamah Uzir, Nik Idris Nik Yusoff, Vikneswari Perumal, Faridah Abas, Khozirah Shaari & Alfi Khatib. 2019. Identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and protein-ligand interaction with molecular docking. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 9(2): 91-99.

Sulistiyani, Safithri, M. & Sari, Y.P. 2016. Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity by ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach L. leaves. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31: 012025.

Suntharalungam, C., Jamaludin, J.A., Athirah, N.F., Mustaffa, R. & Safari, S. 2018. Durian as new source of Malaysia’s Agricultural Wealth. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP). https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1321

Wishart, D.S., Feunang, Y.D., Marcu, A., Guo, A.C., Liang, K., Vázquez-Fresno, R., Sajed, T.,Johnson, D., Li, C., Karu, N., Sayeeda, Z., Lo, E., Assempour, N., Berjanskii, M., Singhal, S., Arndt, D., Liang, Y., Badran, H., Grant, J., Serra-Cayuela, A., Liu, Y., Mandal, R., Neveu, V., Pon, A., Knox, C., Wilson, M., Manach, C. & Scalbert, A. 2018. HMDB 4.0: The human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Research 46(D1): D608-D617.

Xu, D.P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.J. & Li, H.B. 2017. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18(1): 96.

Yannai, S. 2003. Dictionary of Food Compounds with CD-ROM. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: faridah_abas@upm.edu.my

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

sebelumnya